What is a key factor in determining the effectiveness of a water distribution system?

The effectiveness of a water distribution system is significantly influenced by the layout and mapping of the system. A well-planned layout ensures that water can be delivered efficiently to all service areas, minimizing issues such as pressure loss, stagnation, and unaccounted-for water. Proper mapping allows for better identification of system components, such as valves, hydrants, and service connections, which are essential for maintenance, repairs, and emergency responses.

In contrast, while the type of pumps used can affect the system's operational efficiency and the size of the water treatment facility relates to the volume of water processed, neither directly addresses how the system is structured for distribution and user access. Similarly, population size can influence demand and capacity requirements, but it is the layout that fundamentally determines how effectively water is distributed throughout the network.